The nursing profession generates a large number of documents, and despite a number of terminology standards in existence, lack of interoperability in process and data structure still persists. The purpose of carrying out this study was to develop an integrated, comprehensive structure of nursing process as a domain information model which could be suitable for message development which potentially can be used when implementing clinical information software. We present phases of nursing process modeling, followed by mapping the resultant model to the HL7 Reference information model, generating a nursing domain message information model. Also, reviewing the Clinical Document Architecture in relation to the nursing process, we present our proposal for changes required to its object model for better support of nursing documents.

Purpose: This paper aimed to study and identify the preservation metadata in three research projects, namely CEDARS, the National Library of Australia, and NEDLIB. It also evaluates the accordance of these metadata with the elements of the OAIS information model.Methodology/Approach: This research was carried out using library and the Delphi method. The preservation metadata in three research projects were collected through surveys and interviews with experts and managers of the research projects. These elements were then compared with each other and their relationship with the components and various information of the OAIS model were assessed. Findings: The preservation metadata elements approaches in the projects studied used OAIS concepts and terminology as the basic framework for their metadata; however, the National Library of Australia follows the OAIS implicitly. In all three projects, the focus is on the provenance and the representation information components of the OAIS information model; they pay much less attention to the other information types of the OAIS information model, such as descriptive information or packaging and descriptive information of preservation (content, fixation, and Reference information, etc.). Conclusion: The existence of the metadata for high-level preservation, putting aside digital preservation features, can be a starting point for new measures for digital preservation and can improve the coming together of preservation metadata and the OAIS standard in archival repositories. The findings of this research may be a starting point for a new effort for better identification of common functions and approaches for employing the preservation metadata in support of the digital preservation process. Finally, it becomes necessary for everyone to use a single metadata standard such as PREMIS but to localize it as needed in each country.

Purpose: To examine terminology chaos in the domain of information management through checking Reference sources: Persian subject heading, Persian Cultural Thesaurus (Asfa), Descriptive dictionary of information science and related areas and Online Dictionary for Library and information Science (ASIS).Methodology: Content analysis. To collect data, vocabulary in information, information management, information retrieval and all their hypertext words in ODLIS were searched and their Persian equivalents were examined in 4 Reference sources.Results: The most similarities exist between Descriptive dictionary of information science and related areas and ASIS (55.88%) and the most differences found between Descriptive dictionary of information science and related areas and Persian Cultural Thesaurus (Asfa) (85.3%).Conclusion: Since Reference sources of knowledge and information science are often used by experts and researchers, there needs to be a more consistency among their words to avoid any confusion, misunderstanding and misinterpretation.

Introduction: The Reference section is one of the most important parts in every library. Moreover, Reference services represent all the attempts performed in a library. Since libraries primarily aim to satisfy users' information needs, knowing that the effects of information technologies (IT) on their services seems essential. Therefore, this study manly tried to assess the effects of IT on Reference services provided by university libraries.Methods: This survey covered all librarians of central libraries associated with Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (n=66) in 2008. A researcher-developed questionnaire containing 60 questions whose validity was confirmed by library and information sciences experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by internal consistency (Cranach's alpha=0.96). This study evaluated different technologies including online public access catalogs (OPACs), databases, email, and web. It also included Reference services such as individual instruction, group instruction, readers' advisory services, bibliotherapy, term-paper counseling, selective dissemination of information, ready-Reference question, bibliographic verification, interlibrary loan, referral services, and research questions.Results: Based on the findings of this study, Reference librarians of university libraries did not believe OPAC, databases, email, and web to fully satisfy users' needs. This research also showed significant differences between the effects of OPAC and databases, OPAC and web, databases and web, and email and web. However, there were not significant differences between the effects of OPAC and email or databases and email. In addition, among the studied technologies, the effect of web on Reference services was highest and the effect of OPAC was the lowest.Conclusion: Due to insufficient computer-related knowledge, librarians still see Reference services as necessary.

Reference frames (or frames of Reference) show how the knowledge of object organization is formed in the environment by the physical movement of the person or the environmental conditions where the representation takes place. This paper examines the formation of Reference frames in memory to represent the spatial structure of large-scale outdoor environments, due to the lack of consideration in the research background, the lack of attention to the scale of the formation of Reference frames, and the lack of ecological validity in other studies. For this purpose, two types of tests are used in this paper to change the scale of the environment as well as pointing targets. In one test, familiar and unfamiliar participants are introduced to the positions of the three building triads, by walking the path that encompasses each group. Then, maps are presented to them along with the representation of these three groups in five different directions (0-180 degrees), and they judge whether each triple group is correctly represented based on the relative positions of the buildings. In another test, participants are introduced to the position of eight unknown objects in a pedestrian-oriented environment, moving in two pre-programmed and inscribed paths (one path aligned with the sidewalk and the other misaligned, at a 45-degree angle). Then, participants use their memory, pointing to objects as targets. In both tests, the dependent research variables are the pointing accuracy and the latency in responding to the examiners’ questions. The results show that the positions of unfamiliar buildings are subjectively represented as egocentric Reference frames. The allocentric frame of Reference is defined by the environment when the environment is familiar, and the representation also tends to allocentric, as humans become familiar with the environment. On the other hand, object positions are subjectively represented in regular environments and distinctive by the geocentric frame, but are selected based on egocentric experience.

Hospital information system, as an integrated system consists of complex, diverse, and heterogeneous information systems, which supports all clinical, administrative, and financial activities of patients,therefore, it faces interoperability problems, which is a critical feature of data sharing and integration. In this regard, a Reference architecture will be presented for the integration of different systems in the hospital which comprises system, information and software architecture. This architecture emphasizes interoperability with eight layers of user interface and application, services, data collection and storage, integration, external application systems, communication and information infrastructure, management, and security/privacy, based on service orientation. It will be evaluated by ATAM method, based on ten scenarios. It shows the presented architecture will satisfy all functional and non-functional requirements such as interoperability between different information systems, reduction of information redundancy and development cost and time, scalability and accessibility.

Using a quantitative method named Reference publication year spectroscopy (RPYS), this research tried to determine the historical roots of information behavior research. RPYS pave the way for determining the significant years and works in information behavior.Using scientometrics method, the initial data of this study have been extracted from the Web of Science. Using RPYS software, the revised data were analyzed and visualized in Excel.The distribution of cited References in information behavior revealed three peaks within 19th century. Moreover, our analysis identified 6 peaks between 1900 to 1969 in the field of information behavior, occurred respectively in 1948, 1954, 1957, 1960, 1965, and 1967.Based on the study findings, it seems that information behavior research has been shaped intellectually by fields such as psychology, quantitative and qualitative methodologies, etc. Moreover, it has been influenced by some theories and theoretical works.

Today, one of the main affairs in organizations, is making use of ICT tools and capabilities in order to integrate information and information systems across the organization and increase productivity in all levels. For this, there are different Enterprise Architecture (EA) models, methodologies, and frameworks such as FEAF, TOGAF, etc. which contribute organizations in achieving an ICT Master Plan. Whereas these methodologies are general and they are not designed for different industries in an expert manner, therefore they might consume much time and cost for being implemented and also cause disintegration of plannings associated with ICT in those industries. In respect to wideness of ICT development activities in organizations and also variety of industries, there is need for ICT Reference models for specific industries so that we can consider all technical aspects of developing ICT in organizations. Furthermore this way we will be able to integrate activities for ICT development in its industry to reach e-government. In this research, after surveying the well- known ICT Reference model, an appropriate model have been selected and customized according to Iran conditions.